Avian Influenza and Arkansas Poultry

Avian Influenza, commonly known as “bird flu" or "AI," is an infectious disease of birds caused by type A Influenza viruses. The disease is carried by many wild bird species including migratory waterfowl like ducks and geese, which show few if any clinical signs of the disease. Influenza in birds is very contagious and can cause severe illness and death in domestic species such as chickens and turkeys.

What do the H and N mean?

There are many different subtypes of the Influenza type A virus. The virus has two types of proteins that project from the surface of the virus. These proteins are called hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). There are multiple forms of both the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase protein designated by numbers such as H1,H5, N1,N2 etc.

How infectious is it?

The virus is also classified by pathogenicity -- the ability to cause disease in domestic chickens. There are two types of pathogenicity: low and high. Low pathogenic viruses usually do not cause illness whereas highly pathogenic viruses spread rapidly and cause high mortality in poultry. The types of Influenza viruses of greatest concern are the highly pathogenic and any H5 and H7 virus, since they have the ability to change from low pathogenic to high pathogenic.

Symptoms of Avian Influenza Infection in Poultry

Avian Influenza has a variable incubation period in birds depending on the virus dose, poultry species infected, route of exposure, and several other factors. The symptoms exhibited by an infected bird also vary and depend on the pathogenicity of the virus.

Some of the possible symptoms are: depression, diarrhea, dehydration, appetite loss, weight loss, huddling, a drop in egg production and respiratory symptoms such as cough, sneeze, and sinusitis. Lesions that could be observed include: a bloody nasal discharge, facial swelling, blue discoloration of the face, under-the-skin hemorrhaging, tracheal inflammation, nasal inflammation and hemorrhages on the shanks and in the proventriculus, which is part of the bird’s digestive system. There is no acceptable or practical treatment for poultry infected with high pathogenic avian influenza.

Avian influenza viruses do not usually affect people; however, rare cases of human infection from certain strains of Avian Influenza viruses have been reported.

Avian Flu Publications & Resources

• Hobby and Backyard Poultry Biosecurity Practices (2/2016)
• Avian Influenza - What is it? (2/2015)
• Avian Influenza - Biosecurity for Flocks (3/2015)
• Avian Influenza Homepage | eXtension.org
  includes self-directed online courses for Backyard Flock Owners, Youth & 4-H Members, and Emergency Responders
• Biosecurity for Birds webpage | USDA APHIS
• Program Aid #1885
  USDA APHIS
• Avian Advice Newsletter (Summer, 2015)
  Poultry Science | University of Arkansas

Related Links

• County Offices | UAEX
• Poultry in Arkansas | UAEX
• Center of Excellence for Poultry Science