Introduction

The University of Arkansas Cooperative Extension Service and Agricultural Experiment Station have been conducting research verification trials for major row crops since the 1980's, and for catfish culture since 1993. Research verification programs are a public demonstration of the implementation of research-based Extension recommendations in a commercial-scale farming environment. Program cooperators agree to manage a section of their farm according to Extension recommendations. Cooperating producers keep records on production inputs and outputs. Extension personnel monitor various production parameters and make management recommendations to the producer on a regular basis. Finally, the data are analyzed to verify the utility of the Extension recommendations for optimizing the enterprise's profitability.

The essence of aquaculture research verification is to provide intensive monitoring of commercial ponds in which recommended research-based management protocols are being implemented. The intensive monitoring results in a comprehensive database of water quality, input use, stocking, and harvesting data from commercial ponds that greatly exceeds the data available from normal farm production records. The comprehensive quality of the data provide for more accurate estimates of survival, yield, and feed conversion ratios than data obtained from interviews in which data are based on normal farm records. The principal benefit of aquaculture research verification is to determine if the total set of research-based extension recommendations applied on a commercial farm produces yields, feed conversions and costs consistent with results from research trials.

The Baitfish Research Verification Program (BRVP) is a new program initiated in 2003 in Arkansas. Arkansas is the leading baitfish producing state and the University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff is the leading research institution for baitfish production and economics. A new interdisciplinary verification committee consisting of researchers and extension specialists was formed to develop a revised set of recommended management practices for commercial baitfish culture based on current research and practical experience. These management practices formed the basis of the specific management protocol for the BRVP trials started in May 2004. Three species make up the majority of farm-raised baitfish in Arkansas (golden shiners Notemigonus crysoleucas, fathead minnows Pimephales promelas, and goldfish Carassius auratus). However, the present BRVP focus on golden shiner production only.

GOLDEN SHINER CULTURE

There are several culture practices for golden shiners. The most extensive method, requiring the least skill and management, is the wild or free spawning method. In the wild spawning method, golden shiners are allowed to spawn naturally on vegetation around the edges of the pond and fry are raised together in the same pond with adults. This method is simple, but reproduction and yields are variable and diseases are easily passed from adults to the young.

A more intensive method is the egg or mat transfer method. Egg transfer requires more skill and much more labor, equipment and facilities than wild spawning but producers obtain higher and more reliable yields. In this method, mats are used as spawning material and are placed in brood ponds. Mats with eggs are collected from the brood ponds and moved to fry rearing ponds or to a hatchery.

There are two basic methods of fry rearing: with or without juvenile transfer. Stocking rates of eggs or fry in ponds will vary according to the method used. Fry rearing ponds are stocked at low density when fish are to be grown directly to market size within the same pond without transfer. In the transfer method, some ponds are initially stocked at high density to produce juvenile fish ("peewees"). Throughout the season, a fraction of the fish population is transferred to other ponds at lower densities to be grown to market size. The advantage of the juvenile transfer method is that a known number of fish are stocked. This allows for better inventory control and allows producers to manipulate stocking densities and feeding rates to produce desired sizes of fish at the desired time of the year to meet market demand.

The most intensive method of producing golden shiners today includes transferring eggs to hatchery followed by juvenile transfer. However, survival rates and yields still vary tremendously from pond to pond. Nonetheless, good management practices may increase survival and yields in golden shiner ponds. Stocking densities and feeding rates in growout ponds, the last phase in the production cycle, vary according to the market niche of each farmer. Each market niche requires a particular size fish at a particular time of the year. To avoid these market specific practices, the BRVP will focus only on the juvenile production stage. The BRVP in 2004 will focus on providing good management practices to produce a reliable source of juvenile "peewee" golden shiners by reducing mortality and increasing yields.

METHODS

Three cooperating producers distributed among three Arkansas Counties were selected for the program for a total of five verification ponds. Two verification ponds are located on a cooperator farm in Prairie County. Two other verification ponds are located on a cooperator farm in Greene County. The fifth verification pond is located on a cooperator farm in Lonoke County. The cooperating golden shiner farmers were equipped with hatchery facilities (Figure 5) and were using the method of egg transfer to a hatchery and juvenile transfer for growout. Cooperating producers agreed to manage the verification ponds according to the recommended management practices for about one summer season or until the last harvest of juveniles from the pond. The program coordinator verify all stocking and harvesting procedures and visits each farm weekly to measure afternoon temperature and pH and make recommendations for action the following week. Alkalinity and hardness will be measured at the beginning and at the end of the verification trial and as necessary for pond treatments. If unexpected situations arise, it is the responsibility of the cooperator to contact the program coordinator for guidance. The program coordinator collects production and water quality data each week and maintains regular contact with the producer. At the end of the verification program, survival, feed conversion ratio, and yield will be calculated. Feed, aeration and other production expense data will be collected and utilized to estimate operating costs, net returns, and breakeven prices.

OBJECTIVES

The Baitfish Research Verification Program (BRVP) represents a public demonstration of the implementation of research-based Extension recommendations in a commercial-scale farming environment. The program focuses on intensive golden shiner production enterprises that use the method of egg transfer to a hatchery followed by juvenile transfer for growout. The objectives of the program are as follows:

1. Develop a specific recommended management protocol for juvenile golden shiner production.

2. Develop a comprehensive database of key production parameters (feed conversion ratio, yield, and survival) of commercial juvenile golden shiner ponds which will provide a basis for quantifying risks involved in baitfish farming.
3. Identify the most important types of "normal" losses in golden shiner production with estimates of the magnitude of these losses.
4. Verify the utility of research-based Extension recommendations on improving yield and survival of commercial juvenile golden shiner production ponds.
5. Identify areas of golden shiner production that require further research.
6. Improve and refine existing Extension recommendations.
7. Improve and refine the specific management protocol for future verification trials.
8. Utilize and incorporate data and findings from the BRVP into Extension's educational program at the county and state level.
9. Increase the participating county Extension agents' expertise in baitfish production.
10. Increase cooperating baitfish farmers' understanding of the research-based Extension recommendations.
11. Increase the number of ponds that cooperating baitfish farmers manage according to Extension recommendations the year following the end of the program.

RECOMMENDED MANAGEMENT PRACTICES - JUVENILE PRODUCTION

The following recommendations target a reliable and consistent production of juvenile golden shiner around a size of 1.1 lb/1,000 fish and a total yield over 500 lb/ac.

FRY POND PREPARATION

Ponds with old plankton blooms may have high populations of predaceous copepods (Frimpong and Lochmann 2001) that can eat fry (Valderrama et al. 2000). Therefore, production should begin with an empty pond and remaining puddles should be treated with hydrated lime. The filling process should start only 4 to 7 days prior to the expected stocking date. Groundwater is recommended because it is usually free of predators, suspended solids, pollutants, fish diseases, and trash fish. A week after stocking, green water from an adjacent pond may be pumped into the fry pond to accelerate the establishment of a plankton bloom and reduce pumping costs. However, it is important to wait about a week before adding green water because water with old plankton blooms may have high populations of predaceous copepods that can eat fry. The need for fertilization varies with pond history and fertility. When needed, ponds may be fertilized with a mixture of organic and inorganic fertilizers to encourage the growth of natural foods. A bloom density of 10-15 inches, Secchi disk visibility, should be targeted. Based on the abundance of predators and pond history, the application of Baytex may be recommended in consultation with your aquaculture Extension specialist.

WATER MANAGEMENT

Once the pond is filled, a 3/6 water management system may be used to minimize pumping costs (Pote et al. 1988). Ponds should be filled to 3 inches below the top of the overflow pipe. This allows for 3 inches of rainwater storage. If the water level falls to 6 inches below the overflow level, the pond should be pumped up to the 3 inch level.

WATER QUALITY

Total alkalinity and hardness should be above 20 ppm but the desired range is from 75 to 200 ppm as CaCO3.

AERATION

Ponds should be equipped with electric paddle-wheel aerators at 0.5 hp/ac or greater. It may not be necessary to turn aerators on during the first 3 weeks after stocking. However, morning (7:00-9:00 AM) dissolved oxygen concentrations should be monitored closely during that 3-week period and aeration initiated when the dissolved oxygen concentration is expected to drop below 4 ppm. After that initial 3-week period, the aerator should be turned on by midnight every night in the summer and turned off at 8:00 AM.

FRY TRANSFER AND STOCKING

Stocking is best done in early morning when water is cool and pH is not too high. Exposing young fry to high pH may result in lower survival. The pH of the pond to be stocked should be checked the afternoon before and should be below 9. At the time of stocking, pH should be below 8.5. If pH is above recommended values, stocking should be postponed for few days until pH reading are in the recommended range. If stocking has to be delayed by more than ten days due to high pH, the application of Baytex may be recommended in consultation with your aquaculture Extension specialist. When stocking is recommended, fry should be transferred to the ponds in plastic bags filled with oxygen. The number of fry per bag should be estimated by the volumetric method. The stocking rate should be within the range of 500,000-1,000,000 fry/ac. Inadequate acclimation (tempering) for temperature differences between bag water and pond water may stress or kill fry. The bags should be floated in the pond until the water in the bag is within a few degrees of the pond temperature. Ideally, bags should be tempered in vats filled with pond water before leaving the hatchery.

FEEDING

From the stocking date, fish should be fed twice per day. Fish should be fed meal (36% protein) for the first few weeks and later switched to crumbles (32% protein). The feeding rate should start at 5 lb/ac/day divided into two feedings per day. During the first two weeks, fry stay along the pond edges. Therefore, the feed should be applied at the pond edge. Fry abundance along the pond edge can be checked with a "pie tin on a stick". Thirty minutes after each feeding, fish behavior should be observed. If fish are still schooling at the surface, more feed should be applied. Feeding rates should reach 15 to 25 lb/ac/day by the end of the culture period.

FISH HEALTH MANAGEMENT

When sick or dead fish are observed, when feeding activity drops rapidly, and before transfer and harvests, farmers should transport six or more fish to the diagnostic laboratory and follow the recommendations of the fish health specialist. In Arkansas, fish diagnostic services for fish farms and private ponds are provided by the Fish Disease Diagnostics Laboratories of the University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff. The best way to ship live samples of sick fish to the diagnostic lab is to put fish in a bucket or cooler of pond water and drive them directly to the lab. The best fish sample is sick fish that show obvious signs of disease or are alive but resting in the pond edge. Pond owners should walk around the pond and search for sick fish. Random fish can be collected by seining, or cast nets but these samples will only be useful in cases where a very high percentage of fish in a pond have an active form of the disease. Fish that are caught while fish feed are not useful because sick fish tend to stop feeding. Along with sick fish, a water sample from the affected pond should always be submitted to the diagnostic lab. This sample should consist of at least 250 ml (about 8 ounces) of water. It is important to rinse the jar several times in pond water before collecting the sample. Traces of soda, juice, detergents, or other chemicals contaminating sample bottles may lead to inaccurate water test results. The container should be kept cool and out of direct sunlight. For additional information on how to collect and ship a fish sample, contact the Fish Disease Diagnostics Laboratory in your area.

RECORD KEEPING

Farmers should maintain adequate records of the most important production parameters for each pond, such as:

· Hours of aeration
· Stocking records
· Harvest records
· Daily feeding (amount, type, and diet composition)
· Mortality estimates
· Dissolved oxygen concentration
· Water quality parameters
· Medications or treatments
· Water pumping information
· Quantity and price of chemicals and fertilizer used

Additionally, records of all operating expenses, fixed expenses, and revenue should be maintained and analyzed once a year to assess the financial status of the enterprise.

WORKER SAFETY

Farm workers should be given proper instructions on farm safety at least once a year. Check with your local county Extension office or Fish Disease Diagnostics Laboratory of your area on the availability of the "Fish Farming Safety Video", which is available in English and Spanish.

RESULTS

FARM A

The farm is located in Prairie County.

Pond A1

The pond has a water surface area of 2.4 acres and is equipped with 0.75-hp Aer-o-latorâ electric floating vertical pump aerator and 0.5-hp airlift pump (Table 1). On 10 May 2004 the well water was turned on to start filling the pond. On that afternoon, the temperature of the water was 23ºC and the pH was 7.3. The following morning (May 11th), an estimated total of 2,484,000 fry were stocked in the pond (Figure 4), which represented a stocking density of 1,035,000 fry/ac. At the time of stocking, the pH was 7.5, which was safe for the fry, and the temperature was 21ºC.

Fry were transferred from the hatchery to the pond in plastic bags of approximately three gallons of water and filled with oxygen. The bags were floated in the pond until the water in the bag was within two degrees Fahrenheit of the pond temperature (Figure 3). The number of fry in each bag was estimated using a volumetric method. A 0.4-lb (181 ml) water sample was taken from each bag. The sample was poured through a sieve to capture the fry (Figure 1). Thereafter, captured fry were poured into a graduated cylinder (Figure 2). The number of fry per bag was estimated using the following formula:

F = B * C * M ÷ S

Where: F = number of fry in the bag
            B = total weight (lb) of the water and fry in the bag
            C = 1,200 fry/ml (Appendix 1)
           M = number of ml of fry in the graduated cylinder
            S = sample weight of 0.4 lb

Water quality parameters were measured post stocking (Table 2) followed by weekly monitoring of pH and water temperature (Table 3).

Pond A2

The pond has a water surface area of 4.5 acres and is equipped with 0.75-hp Aer-o-latorâ electric floating vertical pump aerator and 0.5-hp airlift pump (Table 1). On 10 May 2004 the well water was turned on to start filling the pond. The two following mornings (May 11th and 12th), an estimated total of 4,271,580 fry were stocked in the pond (Figure 4), which represented a stocking density of 949,240 fry/ac.

F = B * C * M ÷ S

Water quality parameters were measured post stocking (Table 2) followed by weekly monitoring of pH and water temperature (Table 3).

The first harvest of this pond occurred on 16 June 2004. A total of 1,744,375 juvenile golden shiners (697.75 lbs) were removed from the pond with 3 seine hauls. There were 2,500 head/lb with a mean length of 29 + 3 mm (Graph 1) with a mean weight of 0.182 g + 0.055 g (Graph 2).

FARM B

This farm is located in Greene County.

Pond B1

The pond has a water surface area of 10 acres with no permanent aeration. On 12 May 2004 the well water was turned on to start filling the pond (Table 1). The following morning (May 13th), the temperature of the water was 19.9ºC and DO was 9.5 mg/L. On the same day (May 13th), an estimated total of 30,745,200 fry were stocked in the pond (Figure 4), which represented a stocking density of 3,074,520 fry/ac. A large number of dead fry were observed in the first few bags that were most likely caused by low DO in the plastic bags. At the time of stocking, the pH was not measured. However, since the pond was recently filled and the weather was overcast and rainy, pH was assumed to be within the tolerable limits of golden shiner fry.

Fry were transferred from the hatchery to the pond in plastic bags of approximately three gallons of water and filled with oxygen. The bags were floated in the pond until the water in the bag was within two degrees Fahrenheit of the pond temperature (Figure 3). The number of fry in each bag was estimated using a volumetric method. A 0.25-lb (113 ml) water sample was taken from each bag. The sample was poured through a sieve to capture the fry (Figure 1). Thereafter, captured fry were poured into a graduated cylinder (Figure 2). The number of fry per bag was estimated using the following formula:

F = B * C * M ÷ S

Where: F = number of fry in the bag
            B = total weight (lb) of the water and fry in the bag
            C = 1,200 fry/ml (Appendix 1)
           M = number of ml of fry in the graduated cylinder
            S = sample weight of 0.25 lb

Water quality parameters were measured post stocking (Table 2) followed by weekly monitoring of pH and water temperature (Table 3).

Pond B2

The pond has a water surface area of 10 acres and is equipped with a 10-hp paddlewheel aerator (Table 1). On 13 May 2004 the well water was turned on to start filling the pond. The following morning (May 14th), the temperature of the water was 20ºC with a pH between 7.5-8.0. On the same day (May 14h), an estimated total of 18,858,480 fry were stocked in the pond (Figure 4), which represented a stocking density of 1,885,848 fry/ac.

Fry were transferred from the hatchery to the pond in plastic bags of approximately three gallons of water and filled with oxygen. The bags were floated in the pond until the water in the bag was within two degrees Fahrenheit of the pond temperature (Figure 3). The number of fry in each bag was estimated using a volumetric method. A 0.25-lb (113 ml) water sample was taken from each bag. The sample was poured through a sieve to capture the fry (Figure 1). Thereafter, captured fry were poured into a graduated cylinder (Figure 2). The number of fry per bag was estimated using the following formula:

F = B * C * M ÷ S

Water quality parameters were measured post stocking (Table 2) followed by weekly monitoring of pH and water temperature (Table 3).

FARM C

This farm is located in Lonoke County.

Pond C1

The pond has a water surface area of 12 acres and is equipped with a 10-hp paddlewheel aerator (Table 1). On XX May 2004 the well water was turned on to start filling the pond. The following morning (May XXth), the temperature of the water was 26ºC. On the same day (May XXth), an estimated total of 12,358,293 fry were stocked in the pond, which represented a stocking density of 1,029,858 fry/ac.

Fry were transferred from the hatchery to the pond in hauling tanks. Three hatching tanks were emptied into a tub that holds approximately 100 lbs of water (Figure 6). A 6 ml sample was taken from this tub and was individually counted (Figure 7). Fry were then bucketed into the hauling tanks (Figure 8). Hauling tanks were tempered with pond water until the water temperatures were equal (Figure 9). Fry were then drained into the pond. The number of fry stocked was estimated using the following formula:

F = ((H*P)/6)*W

Where: F = number of fry
            H = number of fry/6 ml sample
            P = 453.6 (number of grams/pound)
            W = total weight from tanks sampled

Water quality parameters were measured post stocking (Table 2) followed by weekly monitoring of pH and water temperature (Table 3).

Pond C2

The pond has a water surface area of 15.8 acres and is equipped with a 10-hp paddlewheel aerator (Table 1). On XX May 2004 the well water was turned on to start filling the pond. On 5 June 2004, there were 5,676,650 fry stocked into the pond, which had a temperature of 27°C. Additionally, on 12 June 2004, there were 6,142,240 more fry stocked into the pond that had a temperature of 28°C and pH of 7.5. An estimated total of 11,818,890 fry were stocked in the pond, which represented a stocking density of 748,031 fry/ac.

F = ((H*P)/6)*W

Where: F = number of fry
            H = number of fry/6 ml sample
            P = 453.6 (number of grams/pound)
            W = total weight from tanks sampled

Water quality parameters were measured post stocking (Table 2) followed by weekly monitoring of pH and water temperature (Table 3).

NEW RESEARCH TOPICS

One of the objectives of the BRVP is to identify areas of golden shiner production that require further research to improve Extension recommendations. Areas of production that require further research that have been identified during the development of the present management protocol include the following:

1. Egg disinfection
2. The best juvenile golden shiner size to transfer
3. Relation between stocking density of juveniles and size at harvest.
4. Egg freezing

CONTACTS

BAITFISH RESEARCH VERIFICATION COMMITTEE

Nathan Stone - (Temp) Program Coordinator
Office: (870) 575-8138
Mobile Phone:

nstone@uaex.edu

Dr. Andrew Goodwin, Fish Health Specialist
Office: (870) 575-8137

agoodwin@uaex.edu

Dr. Carole Engle, Economist
Office: (870) 575-8523
cengle@uaex.edu

Dr. Hugh Thomforde, Extension Aquaculture Specialist
Office: (501) 676-3124
hthomforde@uaex.edu

Dr. Nathan Stone, Extension Fisheries Specialist
Office: (870) 575-8138
nstone@uaex.edu

Dr. Rebecca Lochmann, Fish Nutrition Specialist
Office: (870) 575-8124
rlochmann@uaex.edu

ARKANSAS FISH DIAGNOSTIC LABORATORIES

Lonoke Fish Diagnostic Laboratory
Lonoke Agricultural Center
2001 Highway 70 East
Lonoke, AR 72086
Telephone 501-676-3124
FAX 501-676-7847

Newport Fish Disease Diagnostic Laboratory
ASU-Newport
7648 Victory Blvd
Newport, AR 72112
Office: 870-512-7837
Fax: 870-512-7838
Mobile 870-540-7805

Pine Bluff Fish Diagnostics Laboratory
(Entrance to the rear of 1890 Building at the corner of Spruce and Oliver Street)
Telephone 870-575-8137 (office)
870-575-8034 (lab)
870-575-8123 (secretary)
870-543-8162 (FAX)

Pine Bluff - Commercial shipping address
Fish Diagnostic Laboratory
UAPB Warehouse
1200 N. University Dr.
Pine Bluff, AR 71601

Pine Bluff - US Mail
Fish Diagnostic Laboratory
University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff
P.O. 4912
1200 N. University Dr.
Pine Bluff, AR 71601

REFERENCES

Engle, C.R., N. Stone, and E. Park. 2000. An analysis of production and financial performance of baitfish production. Journal of Applied Aquaculture 10(3):1-15.

Frimpong, E. and S.E. Lochmann. 2001. An evaluation of treatments affecting zooplankton populations for water re-use and effluent reduction. Aquaculture 2001, Book of Abstracts: 238.

Pote, J.W., C.L. Wax, and C.S. Tucker. 1988. Water in catfish production: sources, uses, and conservation. Mississippi Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station, Special Bulletin 88-3, November 1988.

Valderrama, D, S.E. Lochmann, and M. Jackson. 2000. Predation of Cyclopoid Copepods on Sunshine Bass Fry. North American Journal of Aquaculture 62: 144-148.

TABLE 1

Stocking characteristics of golden shiner ponds used for 2004 baitfish research verification program.

		Ponds
Parameter	Units	A1	A2	B1	B2	C1	C2
Location	county	Prairie	Prairie	Greene	Greene	Lonoke	Lonoke
Area	acres	2.4	4.5	10	10	12	15.8
Date stocked		5/11/04	5/12/04	5/13/04	5/14/04	5/29/04	6/12/04
Aeration	hp/ac	0.3	0.2	0.0	1.0	0.8	0.6
Stocking density	fry/ac	1,035,000	949,240	3,074,520	1,885,848	1,029,858	748,031

TABLE 2

Initial water quality parameters measured in the golden shiner ponds for the 2004 baitfish research verification program.

	Ponds
	A1	A2	B1	B2	C1	C2
Date	6/4/04	6/4/04	6/9/04	6/9/04	6/11/04	6/11/04
Time	14:30	14:30	13:00	13:00	13:45	13:45
Temperature (ºC)	31	31	29	29	31	21
pH	10.0	10.0	9.0	9.0	9.5	10
TAN (mg/L)	0.4	0.2	0.5	0.3	0.4	0.5
NH₃(mg/L)	0.4	0.2	0.3	0.2	0.4	0.5
Nitrite (mg/L)	0	0	0	0	0	0
Chloride (mg/L)	0	0	0	0	74	83
Alkalinity (mg/L)	180	240	40	200	240	240
Hardness (mg/L)	136.8	188	51.3	222	239	222

TABLE 3

Weekly pH/temperature reading in the golden shiner ponds for the 2004 baitfish research verification project.

	Ponds
Week of:	A1	A2	B1	B2	C1	C2
6/7/04	10/30º	10/30º	9/29º	9/29º	9.5/31º	10/31º
6/14/04	9.5/28º	8/27º	9/30º	9/31º	10/35º	7.5/31º
6/21/04	10/29º	9.5/28º			9.5/28º	8.5/28º

Temperature is in ºC.

GRAPH 1

GRAPH 2

APPENDIX 1

A volumetric estimate is a common way of estimating the number of fry that are stocked out into a pond. This technique involves taking a sample of fry with a sieve that holds a known weight of water. These fry are then poured into a graduated cylinder. Then the number of fry is estimated by multiplying the total weight of water and fry in the bag by the number of ml of fry in the graduated cylinder, then multiplying that number by 1,200 (Dr. Nathan Stone, University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff). This value is then divided by the sample weight. The 1,200 value is an estimate of the number of fry per ml. In order for this technique to be accurate, the 1,200 value has to be the true average of fry/ml.

The 1,200 fry/ml was verified during the stocking out of golden shiner fry during one of the verification trials. Three samples were collected from the graduated cylinder during the volumetric estimation process from four ponds that were brought back to the University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff to be counted with a fry counter. Fry were preserved in a 50% alcohol and 50% water solution until counting could be performed.

Results are illustrated below in Appendix table 1. Two sample were discarded during the fry counting method due to excessive error in the counting process. The mean number of fry per ml as determined by the fry counter was 1,218 + 85. These results indicate that a value of 1,200 fry/ml is an accurate estimate, even on a commercial scale.

Appendix table 1. Verification of volumetric estimate with fry counter.

Sample	Sample size (ml)	Volumetric estimate of fry	Fry counter number of fry	Fry/ml as determined by fry counter
1	5.2	6,240	5,468	1,052
2	5.6	6,720	6,653	1,188
3	6.0	7,200	7,575	1,263
4	7.0	8,400	8,459	1,208
5	7.2	8,640	8,463	1,175
6	7.8	9,360	9,933	1,273
7	8.0	9,600	10,824	1,353
8	9.0	10,800	10,830	1,203
9	9.0	10,800	11,742	1,305
10	11.0	13,200	12,714	1,156

Updated 11/09/09